Genetic inference of the mating system of free-ranging domestic dogs

Abstract Domestication has greatly changed the social and reproductive behavior of dogs relative to that wild members genus Canis, which typically exhibit monogamy extended parental care. Unlike a typical gray wolf pack consists single breeding pair their offspring from multiple seasons, group free-ranging (FRDs) can include individuals both sexes. To understand consequences this shift in behavior, we reconstructed genetic pedigree an FRD population assessed kinship patterns groups, based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes. Consistent with behavioral observations, mating system study was characterized by polygynandry. Instead discreet family units observed wolves, FRDs were linked network relationships spread across packs. However, also reproduction same male–female pairs retention adult natal packs, dispersal between neighboring packs—patterns common wolves. Although is predominant polygyny polyandry are occasionally response increased food availability. Thus, polygynandry domestic likely influenced ecological niche apex predator human commensal.